本期为微生物学的第二讲,主要讨论炭疽和蛔虫病这两种既往常见而当今社会较为罕见的疾病。炭疽是由炭疽杆菌所致的一种人畜共患的急性传染病。人因接触病畜及其产品及食用病畜的肉类而发生感染。临床上主要表现为皮肤坏死、溃疡、焦痂和周围组织广泛水肿及毒血症症状;似蚓蛔线虫简称蛔虫,是人体内最常见的寄生虫之一。成虫寄生于小肠,可引起蛔虫病。其幼虫能在人体内移行,引起内脏幼虫移行症。
案例分析
Case1:Alocalcraftsmanwhomakesgarmentsfromthehidesofgoatsvisitshisphysicianbecauseoverthepastfewdayshehasdevelopedseveralblacklesionsonhishandsandarms.Thelesionsarenotpainful,butheisalarmedbytheirappearance.Heisafebrileandhisphysicalexaminationisunremarkable.
案例1:一名使用鹿皮做皮衣的当地木匠来就医,主诉过去几天中手掌和手臂上出现几个黑色皮肤损害。皮损无痛,但是外观较为骇人。患者无发热,体检无异常发现。
1.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?
Cutaneousanthrax,causedbyBacillusanthracis.Theskinlesionsarepainlessanddarkorcharredulcerationsknownasblackeschar.Itisclassicallytransmittedbycontactwiththehideofagoatatthesiteofaminoropenwound.
皮肤炭疽:由炭疽杆菌引起,皮损通常无痛、黑色或称为焦痂样溃疡。主要通过鹿皮经由皮肤细小伤口传播。
2.HowwillthecausativemicroorganismappearonGramstaining?
BanthracisisaG+spore-formingrod.Thesporesareresistanttomanychemicaldisinfectants,heat,UV,anddryingandarethereforeafearedbiologicalwarfare.
微生物学特性:炭疽杆菌为革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,由于芽孢能耐受大多数消毒剂、高温、紫外线和烘干,故常被作为生化武器。
3.Whatistheotherspore-formingmicroorganism?
ClostridiumspeciesaretheotherG+spore-formingbacteria.BacillusandClostridiumspeciescanbedifferentiatedbytheirabilitytoneutralizeoxygenfeeradicals.Bacillusspecieshavecatalaseandsuperoxidedismutase-enzymesthatcansurviveinaerobicenvironments.Clostridiumspeciesdon’thavetheseenzymesandthereforeobligateanaerobics.
芽孢菌鉴别诊断:芽孢杆菌vs梭状芽孢杆菌。主要看其中和氧自由基的能力,芽孢杆菌有过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶,能分解氧自由基→兼性厌氧;梭状芽孢杆菌则没有→专性厌氧。
4.Whatisothermanifestationofthisinfection?
Banthracisalsocausespulmonaryanthrax.Inthiscondition,inhaledanthraxsporesreachthealveoli,takenupbymacrophagesandcarriedtomediastinallymphnodes.Thiscanresultinmediastinalhemorrhageandabloodypleuraleffusion.X-rayofthechestrevealsawidenedmediastinum.
炭疽其他表现:主要是通过吸入芽孢导致肺炭疽→抵达肺泡→巨噬细胞携带芽孢到达纵隔淋巴结→纵隔出血、血性胸水,胸脯显示纵隔扩大。
★炭疽病要点总结:特殊接触史+特殊焦炭样皮损+微生物学鉴定★
Case2:A49-year-oldwomanfromruralareapresentswithdiffuse,crampyabdominalpainthathaspersistedfor4days.Shehashadnobowelmovementssincethepainstartedandhasnoticedaweightlossof4.5kgoverthepastmonth.CToftheabdomenrevealsaninflamedgallbladderandanirregularmassinthesecondportionoftheduodenum.Stoolsamplerevealsrough-surfacedeggs.Completebloodcountandliverfunctiontestresultsareasfollows:
WBCcount:14,/mm3
ALT/AST/AKP:normal
Eosinophils:20%
Totalbilirubin/directbilirubin:normal
Albumin:3.2g/dL
案例2:49岁农村女性主诉弥漫、痉挛性腹痛4天,肠蠕动减少。过去一个月体重减轻4.5kg。CT显示胆囊炎症,十二指肠有不规则肿块。粪检显示粗糙表明的球形虫卵。血检提示白细胞升高,嗜酸性粒细胞显著升高。
1.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?
Ascariasis,causedbyanematode(roundworm)foundintheruralandtropicalclimates.Ascariasisisthemost